Summary of कर्तृ (kartṛ - active), कर्म (karma - passive), and भाव (bhāva - impersonal) प्रयोगs, focusing on the relationships between the subject, object, and verb, as well as the presence or absence of an object.

Summary of कर्तृ (kartṛ - active), कर्म (karma - passive), and भाव (bhāva - impersonal) प्रयोगs, focusing on the relationships between the subject, object, and verb, as well as the presence or absence of an object:

प्रयोग-त्रयस्य सारः (Prayoga-trayasya sāraḥ - Summary of the Three Voices)

Feature	कर्तृप्रयोगः (Kartṛprayogaḥ - Active Voice)	कर्मणि प्रयोगः (Karmaṇi Prayogaḥ - Passive Voice)	भावप्रयोगः (Bhāvaprayogaḥ - Impersonal Passive Voice)
प्रधानता (Pradhānatā - Primary Element)	कर्ता (kartā - Subject)	कर्म (karma - Object)	क्रिया (kriyā - Action/Verb)
कर्ता (Kartā - Subject)	प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamā vibhakti - Nominative Case)	तृतीया विभक्ति (tṛtīyā vibhakti - Instrumental Case)	तृतीया विभक्ति (tṛtīyā vibhakti - Instrumental Case) (Optional)
कर्म (Karma - Object)	द्वितीया विभक्ति (dvitīyā vibhakti - Accusative Case)	प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamā vibhakti - Nominative Case)	Absent
क्रियापदम् (Kriyāpadam - Verb)	पुरुष-वचन-सम्बन्धः कर्तानुसारम् (puruṣa-vacana-sambandhaḥ kartānusāram - Agrees in person and number with the subject)	पुरुष-वचन-सम्बन्धः कर्मानुसारम् (puruṣa-vacana-sambandhaḥ karmānusāram - Agrees in person and number with the object); क्त प्रत्ययः (kta pratyayaḥ - kta suffix often used)	नपुंसकलिङ्ग, एकवचन, प्रथमपुरुषः (napuṃsakalilṅga, ekavacana, prathamapuruṣaḥ - Neuter gender, singular number, third person); क्त प्रत्ययः (kta pratyayaḥ - kta suffix always used)
कर्म उपस्थिति (Karma Upasthiti - Presence of Object)	Required (transitive verbs) / Absent (intransitive verbs)	Required (transitive verbs)	Always Absent
उदाहरणम् (Udāharaṇam - Example)	रामः ग्रन्थं पठति। (rāmaḥ granthaṃ paṭhati - Rama reads the book.)	रामेण ग्रन्थः पठितः। (rāmeṇa granthaḥ paṭhitaḥ - The book is read by Rama.)	रामेण हसितम्। (rāmeṇa hasitam - It was laughed by Rama / Rama laughed.)

Explanation in English:

• Kartṛprayogaḥ (Active Voice): The doer of the action (subject) is the most important. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number. The object takes the accusative case.
• Karmaṇi Prayogaḥ (Passive Voice): The object of the action is the most important. The subject goes into the instrumental case, and the object goes into the nominative case. The verb agrees with the object in person and number. Often uses the क्त (kta) suffix.
• Bhāvaprayogaḥ (Impersonal Passive Voice): The action itself is the most important. The subject (if present) is in the instrumental case. There is no object. The verb is always in the neuter gender, singular number, and third person, and it always uses the क्त (kta) suffix.