लिङर्थाः: - LingarThah

 Overview of the various meanings (अर्थ, artha) of the लिङ् (liṅ) lakāra! 

लिङर्थाः:

• विधिः - 'प्रेरणा / आज्ञा' सामान्यरूपेण सेवकं प्रति यादृशः व्यवहारः क्रियते, तादृशं व्यवहारम् दर्शयितुम् लिङ्लकारः प्रयुज्यते । उदा - जलम् आनयेत्।

  (vidhiḥ - 'preraṇā / ājñā' sāmānyarūpeṇa sevakaṃ prati yādṛśaḥ vyavahāraḥ kriyate, tādṛśaṃ vyavahāram darśayitum liṅlakāraḥ prayujyate | udā - jalam ānayet |)

  • Meaning: Vidhi (injunction, direction, what should be done) - Used to show how one generally behaves towards a servant with 'inspiration/command'. Example: जलम् आनयेत् (jalam ānayet) - "He/She should bring water."

  • Explanation: This indicates a general expectation or duty. The लिङ् (liṅ) lakāra here implies a sense of obligation or propriety.

• निमन्त्रणम् - निमन्त्रणस्य सामान्यरूपेण स्वीकारः एव कर्तव्यः, यतः तत्र 'उपस्थितिः आवश्यकी' इति निर्दिष्टम् अस्ति । उदा - इह भवान् भुञ्जीत।

  (nimantraṇam - nimantraṇasya sāmānyarūpeṇa svīkāraḥ eva kartavyaḥ, yataḥ tatra 'upasthitiḥ āvaśyakī' iti nirdiṣṭam asti | udā - iha bhavān bhuñjīta |)

  • Meaning: Nimantraṇam (invitation) - Generally, an invitation should be accepted, as 'presence is necessary' is indicated there. Example: इह भवान् भुञ्जीत (iha bhavān bhuñjīta) - "You should eat here."

  • Explanation: This usage suggests a strong recommendation or expectation that the invited person will accept.

• आमन्त्रणम् - कामचारानुज्ञा, आमन्त्रणस्य स्वीकारः अपि कर्तुं शक्यते, अस्वीकारः अपि कर्तुं शक्यते। 'यथेच्छम्' कर्तुं शक्यते । उदा - भवान् इहासीत।

  (āmantraṇam - kāmacārānujñā, āmantraṇasya svīkāraḥ api kartuṃ śakyate, asvīkāraḥ api kartuṃ śakyate | 'yatheccham' kartuṃ śakyate | udā - bhavān ihāsīta |)

  • Meaning: Āmantraṇam (gentle invitation) - Permission for optional action; an invitation can be accepted or rejected. One can do as one pleases. Example: भवान् इहासीत (bhavān ihāsīta) - "You may sit here."

  • Explanation: This contrasts with nimantraṇam by offering a genuine choice. There's no implicit expectation of acceptance.

• अधीष्टम् - सत्कारपूर्वकः (धनमादि दत्त्वा) व्यापारः। उदा - भवान् मम पुत्रम् अध्यापयेत्।

  (adhīṣṭam - satkārapūrvakaḥ (dhanamādi dattvā) vyāpāraḥ | udā - bhavān mama putram adhyāpayet |)

  • Meaning: Adhīṣṭam (respectful request/entrusting) - A business (transaction) with respect (giving wealth, etc.). Example: भवान् मम पुत्रम् अध्यापयेत् (bhavān mama putram adhyāpayet) - "You should teach my son."

  • Explanation: Adhīṣṭam implies a formal request, often involving some form of compensation or reciprocation.

• सम्प्रश्नः - कर्तव्य-अकर्तव्यविषयकः प्रश्नः। उदा - वेदम् अधीयीय उत तर्कम्?

  (sampraśnaḥ - kartavya-akartavyaviṣayakaḥ praśnaḥ | udā - vedam adhīyīya uta tarkam?)

  • Meaning: Sampraśnaḥ (question/deliberation) - A question regarding what should or should not be done. Example: वेदम् अधीयीय उत तर्कम्? (vedam adhīyīya uta tarkam?) - "Should I study the Vedas or logic?"

  • Explanation: This use of लिङ् (liṅ) presents a dilemma or a choice between two courses of action.

• प्रार्थना - याचना - उदा - भोजनं यच्छेत्।

  (prārthanā - yācanā - udā - bhojanaṃ yacchet |)

  • Meaning: Prārthanā (prayer/request) - Asking/begging. Example: भोजनं यच्छेत् (bhojanaṃ yacchet) - "He/She should give food."

  • Explanation: Prārthanā indicates a humble request or supplication.