श् + अ + त् + ऋ
only अत् (at) remains to be attached to the verb stem. The initial श् (ś) and the final ऋ (ṛ) are it letters.
The initial श् (ś): This marker indicates that the suffix is a sārvadhātuka (सार्वधातुक) suffix. This has several grammatical consequences, one of which is that certain verb roots will undergo guṇa (गुण) strengthening before it.
The final ऋ (ṛ): This is a very important marker! It makes the resulting stem an उगित् (ugit). The "u" in ugit refers to the vowels उ (u), ऋ (ṛ), and ऌ (ḷ). Any stem that ends with a pratyaya that has one of these as an it letter is called ugit.
Because of a rule from Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī (अष्टाध्यायी), an ugit stem gets a nasal infix नुम् (num), which is simply a न् (n), inserted before the final consonant in the strong cases of its declension (mostly in the masculine and neuter forms).
लशक्वतद्धिते (laśakvataddhite)
Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.3.8
This rule states that the letters ल (la), श (śa), and the क-वर्ग (ka-varga) (i.e., क, ख, ग, घ, ङ) at the beginning of a suffix are designated as it, with the condition that the suffix is not a taddhita (secondary) suffix. Since शतृ (śatṛ) is a kṛt (primary) suffix and not a taddhita suffix, and it begins with श् (ś), this rule makes the श् (ś) an it letter.
Summary
The final ऋ (ṛ) in शतृ (śatṛ) is an it letter due to Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.3.2 - उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत् (upadeśe'janunāsika it), based on its traditional nasalized pronunciation.
The initial श् (ś) in शतृ (śatṛ) is an it letter due to Aṣṭādhyāyī 1.3.8 - लशक्वतद्धिते (laśakvataddhite)
What is a कृदन्त (kṛdanta)?
The word itself is a sandhi of
कृत् + अन्त
(kṛt + anta), which means "ending in a kṛt suffix".
Kṛt (कृत्) suffixes are special suffixes that are added directly to a verb root (धातु - dhātu) to form nouns, adjectives, or indeclinable words (like gerunds and infinitives). These are also known as primary derivatives.
In English grammar terms, these are mostly participles, gerunds, and infinitives.
The examples provided in your instruction are some of the most common kṛt suffixes:
शतृ (śatṛ): Forms the present active participle (e.g.,
पठत्
- paṭhat, "reading").
क्त्वा (ktvā): Forms the absolutive or gerund, indicating a prior action (e.g.,
पठित्वा
- paṭhitvā, "having read").
ल्यप् (lyap): Also a gerund, used when the verb root has a prefix (e.g.,
संपठ्य
- saṃpaṭhya, "having studied well").
क्तवतु (ktavatu): Forms the past active participle (e.g.,
पठितवत्
- paṭhitavat, "one who has read").
क्त (kta): Forms the past passive participle (e.g.,
पठित
- paṭhita, "read" or "that which was read").
तुमुन् (tumun): Forms the infinitive of purpose (e.g.,
पठितुम्
- paṭhitum, "in order to read").
| वाक्यम् (Vākyam - Sentence) | Grammatical Analysis (English) | व्याकरणम् (Vyākaraṇam - Sanskrit Terminology) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. ऋत्विग् मन्त्रान् पठति। <br>(ṛtvig mantrān paṭhati.) | Active Voice, Present Tense | कर्तरि प्रयोगः (kartari prayogaḥ), लट् लकारः (laṭ lakāraḥ) |
| 2. ऋत्विजा मन्त्राः पठ्यन्ते। <br>(ṛtvijā mantrāḥ paṭhyante.) | Passive Voice, Present Tense | कर्मणि प्रयोगः (karmaṇi prayogaḥ), लट् लकारः (laṭ lakāraḥ) |
| 3. विद्यार्थी सूचनाः पठन् वदति। <br>(vidyārthī sūcanāḥ paṭhan vadati.) | Active Voice, Present Tense with a Present Active Participle | कर्तरि प्रयोगः (kartari prayogaḥ), लट् लकारः (laṭ lakāraḥ) with शतृ-प्रत्ययः (śatṛ-pratyayaḥ) |
| 4. मन्त्रिणा पठ्यमानाः सूचनाः प्राप्यन्ते। <br>(mantriṇā paṭhyamānāḥ sūcanāḥ prāpyante.) | Passive Voice, Present Tense with a Present Passive Participle | कर्मणि प्रयोगः (karmaṇi prayogaḥ), लट् लकारः (laṭ lakāraḥ) with शानच्-प्रत्ययः (śānac-pratyayaḥ) |
| 5. योगिनः मन्त्रान् अपठन्। <br>(yoginaḥ mantrān apaṭhan.) | Active Voice, Imperfect Past Tense | कर्तरि प्रयोगः (kartari prayogaḥ), लङ् लकारः (laṅ lakāraḥ) |
| 6. भिषग् ग्रन्थान् पठितवान्। <br>(bhiṣag granthān paṭhitavān.) | Active Voice, Past Tense (using the Past Active Participle) | कर्तरि प्रयोगः (kartari prayogaḥ) using क्तवतु-प्रत्ययः (ktavatu-pratyayaḥ) |
| 7. भिषजा ग्रन्थाः पठिताः। <br>(bhiṣajā granthāḥ paṭhitāḥ.) | Passive Voice, Past Tense (using the Past Passive Participle) | कर्मणि प्रयोगः (karmaṇi prayogaḥ) using क्त-प्रत्ययः (kta-pratyayaḥ) |
| 8. यशस्वी शास्त्राणि पठेत्। <br>(yaśasvī śāstrāṇi paṭhet.) | Active Voice, Optative Mood | कर्तरि प्रयोगः (kartari prayogaḥ), विधिलिङ् लकारः (vidhiliṅ lakāraḥ) |
| 9. शिष्यैः शास्त्राणि पठनीयानि। <br>(śiṣyaiḥ śāstrāṇi paṭhanīyāni.) | Passive construction expressing obligation (using a Gerundive) | कर्मणि प्रयोगः (karmaṇi prayogaḥ) using the अनीयर्-प्रत्ययः (anīyar-pratyayaḥ) |
| 10. वटुना श्लोकाः पठितव्याः। <br>(vaṭunā ślokāḥ paṭhitavyāḥ.) | Passive construction expressing obligation (using a Gerundive) | कर्मणि प्रयोगः (karmaṇi prayogaḥ) using the तव्यत्-प्रत्ययः (tavyat-pratyayaḥ) |
| 11. बालकः पुस्तकम् पठितुम् इच्छति। <br>(bālakaḥ pustakam paṭhitum icchati.) | Active Voice, Present Tense with an Infinitive of Purpose | कर्तरि प्रयोगः (kartari prayogaḥ) using the तुमुन्-प्रत्ययः (tumun-pratyayaḥ) |
| Sanskrit Sentence (संस्कृत-वाक्यम्) | English Translation (आङ्ग्ल-अनुवादः) |
|---|---|
| 1. ऋत्विग् मन्त्रान् पठति। <br>(ṛtvig mantrān paṭhati.) | The priest reads the hymns. |
| 2. ऋत्विजा मन्त्राः पठ्यन्ते। <br>(ṛtvijā mantrāḥ paṭhyante.) | The hymns are read by the priest. |
| 3. विद्यार्थी सूचनाः पठन् वदति। <br>(vidyārthī sūcanāḥ paṭhan vadati.) | The student, while reading the instructions, speaks. |
| 4. मन्त्रिणा पठ्यमानाः सूचनाः प्राप्यन्ते। <br>(mantriṇā paṭhyamānāḥ sūcanāḥ prāpyante.) | The instructions, being read by the minister, are received. |
| 5. योगिनः मन्त्रान् अपठन्। <br>(yoginaḥ mantrān apaṭhan.) | The yogis read the hymns. |
| 6. भिषग् ग्रन्थान् पठितवान्। <br>(bhiṣag granthān paṭhitavān.) | The doctor has read the books. / The doctor read the books. |
| 7. भिषजा ग्रन्थाः पठिताः। <br>(bhiṣajā granthāḥ paṭhitāḥ.) | The books were read by the doctor. |
| 8. यशस्वी शास्त्राणि पठेत्। <br>(yaśasvī śāstrāṇi paṭhet.) | The successful person should read the scriptures. |
| 9. शिष्यैः शास्त्राणि पठनीयानि। <br>(śiṣyaiḥ śāstrāṇi paṭhanīyāni.) | The scriptures should be read by the students. / The scriptures are to be read by the students. |
| 10. वटुना श्लोकाः पठितव्याः। <br>(vaṭunā ślokāḥ paṭhitavyāḥ.) | The verses ought to be read by the student. |
कम् + चित् = कं + चित्
This is अनुस्वार सन्धिः (Anusvāra Sandhiḥ).
कं + चित् = कञ् + चित्
This is परसवर्ण सन्धिः (Parasavarṇa Sandhiḥ).
| Your Proposed Path | Pāṇinian Path (with Sūtras) | Analysis |
|---|---|---|
| कान् + चित् | कान् + चित् | Starting Point |
| कारुँ + चित् | → का रुँ + चित् नश्छव्यप्रशान् (naśchavyapraśān) (Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.3.7) | Your intuition to introduce |
| कांरुँ + चित् | → कां र् + चित् अत्रानुनासिकः पूर्वस्य तु वा (atrānunāsikaḥ pūrvasya tu vā) (Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.3.2) | You correctly identified the need for nasalization. |
| कांः + चित् | → कांः + चित् खरवसानयोर्विसर्जनीयः (kharavasānayorvisarjanīyaḥ) (Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.3.15) | Perfect match! |
| कांस् + चित् | → कांस् + चित् विसर्जनीयस्य सः (visarjanīyasya saḥ) (Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.3.34) | Perfect match! |
| कांश् + चित् | → कांश् + चित् स्तोः श्चुना श्चुः (stoḥ ścunā ścuḥ) (Aṣṭādhyāyī 8.4.40) | Perfect match! |
| कांश्चित् | कांश्चित् | Final Form |
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