आत्मनेपद & परस्मैपद &

 In Sanskrit grammar, "parasmaipada" (literally "word for another") verbs are active voice, while "atmanepada" (literally "word for oneself") verbs are middle voice, often implying a reflexive or self-benefiting action. 

Here's a more detailed explanation:

• Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद):

  • These verbs are used when the action is directed towards someone or something else, or when the result of the action does not directly benefit the subject. 
  • Think of them as the "active voice" in English grammar. 
  • Example: "He cooks for others." (पचति - pacati - is a parasmaipada verb) 
• 
  
• Atmanepada (आत्मनेपद):

  • These verbs are used when the action is done for oneself or when the result of the action directly benefits the subject. 
  • Think of them as the "middle voice" or a reflexive action. 
  • Example: "He cooks for himself." (पचते - pacate - is an atmanepada verb) 
• • अध्यापिका छात्राभिः सह संस्कृतं सम्भाषन्ते। 
• Ubhayapada (उभयपद):

  • Some verbs can be used in both parasmaipada and atmanepada forms, depending on the context. 
  • These are called ubhayapada verbs. 
  • Example: The verb "to do" (कर - kar) can be used as करोति (parasmaipada - karoti - he does) or कुरुते (atmanepada - kurute - he does for himself).